Analysis of abnormal results of individual dose monitoring for radiation workers in medical institutions in Henan province from 2020 to 2022 / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective:To analyze the abnormal dose monitoring result of radiation staff in medical institutions and provide a basis for standardizing the personal dose management of radiation staff in medical institutions.Methods:Through the occupational radiation disease monitoring subsystem of the National Radiation Health Information Platform, 516 individual dose monitoring abnormal result of 410 radiation workers in a single monitoring period, which in 168 medical institutions under the 18 cities in Henan province were collected from 2020 to 2022 as research objects. Based on gender, age, length of service, occupational category, medical institution level, whether the dosimeter wearing standard, the abnormal result of radiation workers were grouped to analyze the influencing factors of individual dose monitoring result.Results:The incidence of abnormal individual dose monitoring result in 2020-2022 was 6.83 × 10 -3, 5.22 × 10 -3 and 6.30 × 10 -3, respectively. Abnormal results were mainly distributed in male radiology workers (66.83%), diagnostic radiology (59.51%) and interventional radiology (34.63%), tertiary (54.39%) and secondary medical institutions (36.34%). In the case of wearing personal dosimeter in a standard or irregular way, there were statistically significant differences in the incidence of abnormal outcomes between different levels of medical institutions and different occupational categories( χ2=14.42, 6.56, 32.96, 177.15, P<0.05). The median annual individual dose of radiology workers with " abnormal exposure dose" due to increased workload was 3.95 mSv, and the annual individual dose of interventional radiology workers was higher than that of radiotherapeutic workers ( Z=5.07, P<0.05). Conclusions:The education and training of radiological protection should be strengthened, and the wearing of individual dosimeters should be standardized; focus on the occupational exposure of interventional radiology staff, and take effective measures to reduce their exposure dose.

Investigation of 131I radioactivity levels in soil around the nuclear medicine decay pool after the 7·20 extraordinary rainstorm disaster in Zhengzhou, Henan / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective:To explore whether or not radioactive wastewater leakage or overflow exists in the nuclear medicine decay pool after the 7·20 extraordinary rainstorm disaster and to analyze its causes, so as to provide scientific basis for the design, construction and maintenance of the nuclear medicine decay pool and the radiation protection management of nuclear medicine in the future.Methods:Three hospitals A, B and C where 131I therapy are being performed were selected in Zhengzhou city, Henan province. Sampling points were set based on the monitoring result of the environmental radiation level around the nuclear medical decay pool in line with the relevent standard method. Soil samples were collected at different depths. The 131I radioactivity level in the soil was measured using HPGe gamma spectrometer, with the measured result being processed and analyzed. Results:Except for Hospital B where no 131I was detected, different 131I activity concentrations were detected in the soil samples collected around the nuclear medicine decay pool at Hospitals A and C. The 131I activity concentrations ranged from 16.4 to 98 111.8 Bq/kg at Hospital A and from 10.6 to 7 176.6 Bq/kg at Hospital C. After a time period of decay, the repeated detection has shown that the 131I activity concentrations ranged from 1.3 to 17.0 Bq/kg at Hospital A and from 3.9 to 7.1 Bq/kg at Hospital C. The 131I activity concentration in the soil at the depth of 0-5 cm was higher than that at the depth of 5-10 cm soil at the same sampling point. The ratios of activity concentration of 131I between different depths ranged from 1.3 to 13.1, with the median value of 5.9. Conclusions:After the 7·20 extraordinary rainstorm disaster, the surrounding environment of nuclear medicine decay pools at a few hospitals was contamminated by 131I to some extent. To prevent the risk of leakage of radioactive wastewater, the safety evaluation and management of radiation protection should be made better with increased awareness during the design, evaluation, construction and use of nuclear medicine decay pools.

Analysis of chromosome aberration in peripheral blood lymphocytes of underground miners in non-uranium metal mines / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective:To investigate chromosomal aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes of underground miners, in order to explore the influencing factors involved in chromosomal aberration levels of non-uranium metal mines.Methods:Totall 135 workers were recruited from an iron mine and a gold mine located in different cities of Henan province, where 69 workers worked aboveground and 66 miners worked underground in the metal mines. The radon concentration in the mines was measured by solid-state nuclear track detectors. Chromosomal aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes from the subjects were detected using conventional analysis method, and the influence factors of chromosomal aberrations were analyzed.Results:Radon concentration was 30-2 943 Bq/m 3 in the aboveground workplace of the mines, and 62-28 314 Bq/m 3 in underground. The age of the underground group was obviously lower than that of the aboveground group( t=2.12, P<0.05), but the frequencies of dicentrics, translocation, acentric fragment, and total chromosome-type aberrations in the underground group were significantly higher than those in the aboveground group ( χ2=10.49, 16.74, 8.15, 29.50, P<0.01). Consistent results were obtained when only male workers were regarded as object of observation ( χ2=8.44, 11.63, 4.94, 20.81, P<0.05). The frequency of translocation ( χ2=8.44, P<0.05) was dependent on the length of service in the underground group. Poisson regression analysis indicated that the aboveground and undergroud grouping partly affected the levels of dicentrics, translocation, acentric fragment, and total chromosome-type aberrations (the underground group IRR=3.25, 2.69, 1.97, 2.18, P<0.05). Conclusions:The radon exposure in the underground workplace of the metal mines may be the main factor resulting in the increase of chromosome-type aberrations of miners. The occupational health and safety of the miners who may be exposed to high radon levels are worthy of great attention.

The Diet, ExerCIse and CarDiovascular hEalth (DECIDE)-Diet study was taken as a case to discuss the methods of blinding and blinding assessment for feeding trials / 中华临床营养杂志

DECIDE-Diet trial was taken as a case to introduce the methods of blinding and blinding assessment for feeding trials, report the details of blinding, conduct a blinding survey and calculate Jame's BI and Bang's BI. Jame's BI was 0.683 (95% CI: 0.593~0.772). The Bang's BI for the intervention group was 0.340 (95% CI: 0.199~0.481), and for the control group was 0.086 (95% CI: -0.060~0.231). The blinding of the DECIDE)-Diet was generally successful, but the intervention group may infer their group to a certain extent. Feeding trials should report the details of blinding and consider blinding assessment.

Investigation on the satisfaction of postgraduates majoring in public health with the teaching material of chronic disease prevention and control / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To investigate the status of satisfaction of postgraduates majoring in public health with the teaching material of The prevention and control of chronic non- communicable disease, so as to provide the basis for promoting the teaching and optimizing the reprint of the teaching material. Methods:An online survey was conducted among 180 public health postgraduates of Batch 2018 to Batch 2020 from China CDC who took the selective course of "prevention and control of chronic non-communicable diseases". The survey content included the overall satisfaction of the respondents with the teaching material and such four levels of satisfaction as primary indicators at the content level, thinking level, motivation level and arrangement level and 20 secondary indicators. The statistical analysis was made by SPSS 25.0.Results:The effective response rate was 90.56% (163/180), and the overall satisfaction of postgraduates with the teaching material was 88.96%. The satisfaction of "scientificity", "comprehensiveness", "internal coordination" and "hierarchy" at the content level, "systematic thinking" and "quality education" at the thinking level, "deepening the understanding and application of relevant knowledge in the field of chronic disease prevention and control" and "the content is convenient for self-study and helps guide the construction of new knowledge" at the motivation level, and "accurate words, fluent language and easy to read and understand" and "firm binding, good paper quality and clear printing" at the arrangement level of the teaching material was more than 90.00%. Only the satisfaction of "the critical thinking" at the thinking level and "stimulating learning enthusiasm" at the motivation level was less than 85.00%.Conclusion:The teaching material of The prevention and control of chronic non- communicable disease meets the learning needs of postgraduates majoring in public health, and students have high overall satisfaction evaluation on the teaching material. It is necessary to further optimize the two aspects of "the critical thinking" and "stimulating learning enthusiasm" in the revision of the teaching material.

Clinical characteristics and risk factors analysis of 616 children with febrile seizures / 中国小儿急救医学

Objective:To understand the clinical features and risk factors of the first seizures in children with febrile seizures, to guide clinicians to take appropriate intervention measures for children with risk factors, and to reduce the incidence of febrile seizures.Methods:A total of 616 children with first-onset febrile seizures admitted in our hospital from August 2016 to August 2018 were enrolled in this study.The clinical characteristics and risk factors of first-onset seizures were retrospectively analyzed.And 601 children with fever but no seizures were randomly selected as the control group.Results:There were 616 children with febrile seizures, including 344 males and 272 females, 584 Hans and 32 Mongolian.A total of 126 cases (20.5%) were under 1 year old, 405 cases (65.8%) were 1-3 years old, and 85 cases(13.7%) were over 3 years old.The upper third of the episodes were acute upper respiratory tract infections[53.6%(330/616)], herpetic angina[25.9% (160/616)], and infant acute rash[10.5%(65/616)]. There were 570 cases(92.5%) with seizures at 38.0 ℃ and above, 16 cases(2.6%)had fever after seizures.A total of 534 cases(86.7%) had seizures within 24 hours of fever, and 608 cases(98.7%) presented with a generalized seizures.The duration of seizures was less than 5 min in 548 cases (89.0%), 5-14 min in 48 cases (7.8%), 15-29 min in 16 cases (2.6%) and more than 30 min in 4 cases (0.4%). Of the 572 patients (92.9%), only one seizure occurred in a single heat stroke.In the clinical type, simple febrile seizures accounted for 88.3%(544/616), complex febrile seizures accounted for 11.0%(68/616), and seizures persisted in 0.7%(4/616). Risk factors analysis showed that age, low sodium, low iron and low zinc, cesarean section, abnormal birth history, vaccine exposure history one week before convulsion, and family history of febrile seizures were statistically different between the febrile seizure group and the control group( P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis found that the age of first febrile seizures, low iron, cesarean section, low sodium and family history of febrile seizures were the independent risk factors for the first episode of febrile seizures ( P<0.05). Conclusion:The first episode of febrile seizures are more common in infants and young children under 3 years old.It is mainly caused by simple febrile seizures.The temperature of seizures is high and it is easy to occur within 24 hours after fever.Viral infection is the most common cause.The risk factors for the first episode of febrile seizures are episode age, low iron, cesarean section, low sodium and family history of febrile seizures.Taking appropriate interventions for risk factors can reduce the incidence of febrile seizures.

Lung cancer deaths attributable to ambient PM2.5 exposure in 2016 in China / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective@#To analyze the lung cancer deaths attributable to ambient PM2.5 exposure in China in 2016.@*Methods@#All data were from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 (GBD 2016). Multiple-source data, including satellite observation, ground measurement, chemical migration model simulation, etc., and the data integration model for air quality (DIMAQ) were used to estimate the grid-level exposure to ambient PM2.5. Data from the vital registry and cancer registry were used to establish statistical model to estimate the lung cancer deaths by province, age and gender. The lung cancer deaths attributable to PM2.5 were calculated based on the calculation of population attributable fraction (PAF). The GBD world population age structure was adopted to calculate age-standardized rates for comparison among provinces (including 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government, as well as Hong Kong and Macao special administrative regions, excluding Taiwan of China).@*Results@#In 2016, the lung cancer deaths attributable to ambient PM2.5 exposure in China were 14.56×104 (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 9.63×104-19.55×104), accounting for 24.66% (95%UI: 16.38%-33.12%) of total lung cancer deaths. The lung cancer death rate attributable to PM2.5 increased with age, with the lowest among 25-29 age group (0.25/105, 95%UI: 0.17/105-0.34/105), the highest among ≥80 age group (90.70/105, 95%UI: 59.85/105-122.20/105). The lung cancer death rate attributable to PM2.5 among males (14.84/105, 95%UI: 9.78/105-19.93/105) was higher than that in females (6.21/105, 95%UI: 4.07/105-8.40/105). The age-standardized death rates (ASDR) of lung cancer attributable to PM2.5 among males and females in China were higher than the global average level. The attributable ASDR of lung cancer varied among provinces, highest in Shandong (13.51/105, 95%UI: 9.14/105-18.20/105) and lowest in Tibet (0.85/105, 95%UI: 0.44/105-1.51/105).@*Conclusion@#In 2016, the lung cancer deaths attributable to ambient PM2.5 exposure in China was heavy, and varied in different age groups, genders and provinces.

Blood pressure changes in 18-59 years old adults in rural area of Shanxi province, China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective@#To analyze the blood pressure changes of adults aged 18-59 years in rural area of Shanxi province based on a cohort study, and provide reference for the study of the blood pressure level of rural residents and hypertension prevention and control in rural areas in China.@*Methods@#Data were obtained from Shanxi Nutrition and Chronic Disease Family Cohort from 2002 to 2015. Subjects aged <18 years or ≥60 years and individuals with hypertension at baseline survey in 2002, and those who had taken antihypertensive drugs for nearly two weeks during the follow-up survey in 2015 were excluded from the study. A total of 1 629 subjects aged 18-59 years were included in the analyses of the blood pressure level and its change from the baseline survey in 2002 to follow-up survey in 2015.@*Results@#The systolic blood pressure (SBP) of the subjects increased from (122.7±10.4) mmHg in 2002 to (132.8±17.6) mmHg in 2015 and the diastolic pressure (DBP) increased from (72.7±6.9) mmHg in 2002 to (78.8±10.3) mmHg in 2015. The SBP in men and women increased with growth rates of 6.7% and 9.5%. While DBP in men and women increased with growth rates of 9.3% and 7.8%. The SBP levels of those aged 18-, 30-, 40- and 50-59 years increased with growth rates of 5.0%, 6.7%, 9.4% and 11.8%. While the DBP of these age groups increased with growth rates of 12.2%, 8.2%, 8.2% and 6.5%.@*Conclusions@#The blood pressure of adults aged 18-59 years old in rural area of Shanxi showed a substantially increasing trend. The mean increase level of SBP in women was higher than that in men, and increased with age. While the mean increase level of DBP in men is higher than that in women, and decreased with age.

Follow-up analysis on change of serum total cholesterol concentration in rural residents in Shanxi province / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective@#To analyze the longitudinal change of serum total cholesterol concentration in 733 rural residents in Shanxi province.@*Methods@#Based on the residents of five rural areas in Shanxi province who participated in China nutrition and health survey in 2002, a follow-up survey was conducted in 2015. Fasting venous blood of the participants was collected and serum TC concentration was tested by cholesterol oxidase method.@*Results@#Of 733 participants, 332 were male and 401 were female. In 2002 baseline survey, the age of the participants was (42.6±9.5) years old, 76.2% of male and 83.8% of female had junior middle school education or below. Proportion of smoking were 65.7% and 1.2%, drinking were 26.8% and 4.0%, obesity were 6.3% and 12.0%, and central obesity were 27.1% and 31.9%, respectively in male and female. The follow-up age of participants in 2015 was (55.8±9.5) years old, proportion of smoking changed to 48.2% and 1.5%, drinking were 49.7% and 3.0%, obesity increased to 11.8% and 18.2% and central obesity increased to 41.6% and 53.6%, respectively in male and female. The overall serum TC level increased from (3.82±0.89) mmol/L to (4.72±0.97) mmol/L with an average increase of 27.2%, which increased from (3.84±0.94) mmol/L to (4.54±0.93) mmol/L in male with an average increase of 22.7%, and increased from (3.81±0.84) mmol/L to (4.86±0.98) mmol/L in female with an average increase of 30.9%. The serum TC levels in 18-, 30-, 40-, and 50-59 years old group increased from (3.42±0.83), (3.72±0.77), (3.90±0.83) and (4.00±1.03) mmol/L to (4.38±1.01), (4.79±0.92), (4.73±0.99) and (4.76±0.96) mmol/L, with average increase range of 31.4%, 32.1%, 25.2% and 22.6%, respectively. The mean serum TC levels between two years all had statistically significant difference among groups of gender, age, education, marital status, family history of cardiovascular disease, smoking, drinking, BMI and waist circumference after paired t-test and ANOVA analysis (P<0.01).@*Conclusion@#The longitudinal serum TC level of rural residents in Shanxi province increased rapidly.

Body mass index and related attribution to all-cause mortality in adults of Family Cohort of Nutrition and Chronic Diseases in Shanxi province / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective@#To assess the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and mortality in adults of Shanxi, China.@*Methods@#Baseline data were from the '2002 China Nutrition and Health Survey’ in Shanxi province. All the death-related investigation and follow-up visits were carried out from December 2015 to March 2016. The follow-up program covered 5 360 people from all the 7 007 participants aged 18 years and over that having complete core information, with a rate as 76.5%. Participants of this study were divided into eight groups, according to the appearance of BMI. Taking the group with the lowest mortality density as the reference group, Cox regression model was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of deaths by the whole population, gender and age groups (≥60 years, <60 years). Results were then adjusted by age, gender, smoking, alcohol use and education level from the baseline survey. Sensitivity analysis was also conducted.@*Results@#Results from the study showed that among the total number of 67 129 person- years from the average period of 12.5 years, there were 615 deaths occurred, with the mortality density as 916 per 100 000 person-years. Taking the BMI range of 26.0-27.9 kg/m2 as the reference, the aHRs of death increased to 1.90 (95%CI: 1.26-2.86), 1.68 (95%CI: 1.15-2.45), 1.49 (95%CI: 1.08-2.06) and 1.72 (95%CI: 1.07-2.76) after the multivariate adjustment, in these four groups (BMI<18.5, 18.5-19.9, 22.0-23.9 and ≥30.0 kg/m2), respectively. Low body weight (BMI<18.5 kg/m2) was associated with higher risks of death in the elderly of ≥60 years, with the aHR of death as 1.94 (95%CI: 1.20-3.15).@*Conclusions@#When BMI appeared as ≤19.9 kg/m2, 22.0-23.9 kg/m2 and ≥30.0 kg/m2, the risks of death would increase. In addition to programs that focusing on obesity, special attention should be paid to the high risk of mortality which was caused by low-weight and malnutrition in the elderly.

A cohort study on the association between dietary patterns which benefit for normal kidney function and the cognitive performance in the Chinese elderly / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective@#To explore the association between dietary pattern which benefit for normal kidney function and the risk of cognitive decline or impairment in the elderly.@*Methods@#In 2015, subjects aged 60 and over from four counties in the Nutrition and Chronic Disease Family Cohort project, were followed up in 2017. Cognitive function was repeatedly assessed, using the Mini Mental State Evaluation (MMSE) scale. Dietary pattern that benefit for normal kidney function was extracted, using the reduced rank regression method and followed by logistic regression models to explore the associations between scores that showing the kidney function on dietary patterns and the risk of cognitive deterioration and impairment in two years among those who were with normal cognition in 2015.@*Results@#Dietary pattern that benefit for normal kidney function, was characterized by high consumption of cereal, vegetables, legume and fruits but with less meat and soy products. Comparing with the group with lowest score quartile on this dietary pattern, the risk of cognitive deterioration in the highest quartile group was significantly low (P<0.01) in two years, with an odds ratio as 0.57 (95%CI: 0.37-0.85). Linear trend was also obviously visible (P=0.007) in this group. The ones at the highest quartile group among the normal cognition ones in 2015, the risk of cognitive impairment also significantly reduced (P<0.05) in two years time, with an odds ratio as 0.52 (95%CI: 0.29-0.93). Also, linear trend could obviously be seen (P=0.01).@*Conclusion@#Dietary pattern that benefit for normal kidney function was both inversely associated with cognitive deterioration and impairment, in two years.

Survey on frequency of medical X-ray diagnosis in Henan province / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective To scale the frequencise of medical X-ray diagnosis based on the survey conducted in 58 hospitals to the all hospitals in Henan province,in order to make them available for providing the basis for reasonable application of diagnostic radiology.Methods Stratified sampling method was used to select medical institutions at different levels in 6 cities in the province as sample hospitals.The information of examined patients on sex,age,diagnostic type and exposure category were gathered and the results were analyzed.Results The sex ratio of male and female examined patients was close to 1∶1.The largest proportion,60.47％,of examined patients was from the age group of above 40 years old among the three age groups.Medical diagnositc medical X-ray examinations mainly include conventional X-ray photography and CT examination,accounting for 52.15％ and 40.31％,respectively.Chest examination contributed the largest propotions,23.84％,of conventional diagnositic X-ray examination and,13.25％,of CT examination respectively.CT examinations were mainly concentrated in the secondary and tertiary hospitals,accounting for 21.54％ and 72.99％ of the total CT examinations,respectively.Contrast examination,mammography and extracorporeal lithotripsy were concentrated in the tertiary hospitals,accounting for 77.82％,95.01％ and 100％ of the same type of examinations,respectively.Conventional photographic examinations were mainly conducted in primary hospitals,accounting for 74.56％ of all types of examinations in the primary hospitals.By using multiple linear regression model,the diagnostic examination frequency in 2016 was estimated to be 826 examinations per 1 000 population,of which the frequency of dianostic X-ray examination and CT examination were 541 per 1 000 and 285 per 1 000,respectively.Conclusions The frequency of diagnostic radiology in Henan has increased rapidly in recent years.All types of diagnostic radiology equipment are unevenly distributed in hospitals at different levels which posed a challenge for health care.Relevant departments should make efforts to reallocation of diagnostic radiology equipment in such hospitals and make utilization of health resources more reasonable.

Deaths attributed to ambient air pollution in China between 2006 and 2016 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To analyze the deaths attributed to ambient air pollution in China between 2006 and 2016.Methods The data were collected from the project of Global Burden of Disease in 2016 (GBD2016).The Data Integration Model for Air Quality were used to estimate exposure to particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5).The attributable death number was calculated based on the calculation of population attributable fraction (PAF),and the results were compared by gender,diseases and provinces.An average world population age structure was adopted to calculate age-standardized rates.Results In 2016,a total of 1 075 000 deaths attributed to ambient air pollution occurred in China,accounting for 11.1％ of the total deaths,and 57.6％ of the deaths attributed to ambient air pollution were due to ischemic heart disease and stroke.The death number among men was 1.7 times higher than that in women,Compared with 2006,the proportion of ambient air pollution related deaths in total deaths decreased by 6.8％;the agestandardized death rate attributed to ambient air pollution decreased by 26.5％ and the decrease rate of lower respiratory infections (37.6％) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (42.1％) were greater than ischemic heart disease (5.3％).The age-standardized rate of death attributed to ambient air pollution decreased both in men and in women,but the decrease rate was higher in women (34.8％) than that in men (20.4％).The PAFs varied among provinces,it was highest in Tianjin (13.9％),lowest in Tibet (6.1％),and it was relatively higher in Beijing,Hebei,Shandong,Henan and the three provinces in the northeast and relatively lower in Hong Kong,Macao,Fujian and Hainan etc..The agestandardized rate of death attributed to ambient air pollution was highest in Xinjiang (120.1/100 000) and lowest in Hong Kong (30.9/100 000),and it was relatively higher in Qinghai,Guizhou,Henan and relatively lower in Macao,Shanghai and Fujian,etc..Compared with 2006,the PAFs of 17 provinces decreased,the decrease rate ranged from 4.1％ to 16.8％,whereas the PAF of Jilin (5.0％) and Heilongjiang (8.1％) increased,and the PAFs of other 14 provinces showed no significant change.The attributable age-standardized death rate decreased in all provinces with the decrease rate ranging from 11.9％ (Heilongjiang) to 43.2％ (Fujian),and the decrease rate was relatively higher in Guangdong,Zhejiang and Guizhou,and lower in the three provinces in the northeast,Hubei and Hebei etc.Conclusions In 2016,the disease burden attributable to PM2.5 in China was heavy,but mitigated compared with 2006.The gender and area specific distributions of deaths attributed to ambient air pollution were observed.

Association between blood pressure related dietary patterns and identified cognitive performance in the elderly Chinese-a study by reduced rank regression method / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To study the association between blood pressure related dietary pattern and cognitive impairment in the elderly.Methods In 2015,all participants who were aged ≥60 and participated in the Nutrition and Chronic disease family cohort were involved in the study.Information on demographic variables,lifestyle and health status was collected.Cognitive performance was assessed by the Mini Mental State Evaluation (MMSE) scale.Blood pressure,height and weight were measured by trained medical personnel and fasting venous blood samples were collected for testing on serum level of triglycerides and total cholesterol.Both SBP and DBP were used as response variables when dietary patterns were identified by reduced rank regression method.Logistic regression models were fit to explore the associations of scores on blood pressure-related dietary pattern and cognitive impairment.Results Two blood related dietary patterns were identified.The first one was characterized by high consumption of vegetables and less meat,eggs and dessert (Pattern 1),while the second one was with high consumption of meat,soy products,wine and fried foods and less intake of dairy (Pattem 2).Data showed that the Pattern 1 was associated with the risk of cognitive impairment.Comparing with the lowest quartile of score of this dietary pattern,the risk of cognitive impairment in the highest quartile group showed a significant (P＜0.01) increase,with OR=1.94 (1.21-3.11) and showing significant (P=0.002) linear trend.However,no significant association was observed (P＞ 0.05) with cognitive impairment in the second dietary pattern.Conclusion Blood pressure-related dietary pattern was positively associated with cognitive impairment.

Prevalence, awareness, status of treatment and control on type 2 diabetes mellitus among Chinese premenopausal women aged 18-49 in 2013 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To analyze the rates on prevalence,awareness,status on treatment and control of type 2 diabetes mellitus among Chinese premenopausal women aged 18-49,in 2013.Methods Data on China Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease Surveillance in year 2013 was used for analysis.Source of data covered 302 surveillance points which were selected by Multi-stage cluster random sampling method that including 176 534 adults over 18 years of age,with 46 674 premenopausal women aged 18-49.Plasma glucose and hemoglobin A 1 c levels were determined after a 10-hour overnight fast for all the participants,before a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test was conducted among participants without a self-reported history of diagnosed diabetes.Diabetes was defined according to the 1999 WHO diagnostic criteria-fasting blood glucose level as ≥7.0 mmol/L and/or 2 hours oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT-2 h) level as ≥ 11.1 mmol/L.After being weighed,according to complex sampling scheme and post-stratification,the sample was used to estimate the rates of prevalence,awareness,treatment and control of type 2 diabetes mellitus by age,education,urban and rural areas,and geographic locations.Results The overall prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus was 5.6％ among the Chinese premenopausal women aged 18-49.No statistical difference on the prevalence rates (5.7％ and 5.4％,respectively) was seen,between participants from the rural or the urban areas.Prevalence rates in the eastern,central or western geographic areas were 5.8％,6.2％ and 4.4％ respectively.The rates of awareness,treatment and control of diabetes appeared as 29.3％,27.9％ and 29.4％ in childbearing women aged 18-49.The rate of treatment was 95.4％ among those who knew their diabetic situation in childbearing women aged 18-49 years.The control rate of diabetes was 38.9％ among those who had taken measures to control glucose,in 18-49-year-old childbearing women.The rate of awareness on diabetes in childbearing women aged 18-49 years in urban areas was higher than that in the rural areas.There were significantly statistical differences on the treatment rates among groups of different education levels but not in the trend test.Conclusion The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in childbearing women aged 18-49 appeared high,but with low rates on awareness,treatment and control.However,statistical difference was seen on awareness,between urban and rural areas.

Deaths attributed to ambient air pollution in China between 2006 and 2016 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To analyze the deaths attributed to ambient air pollution in China between 2006 and 2016.Methods The data were collected from the project of Global Burden of Disease in 2016 (GBD2016).The Data Integration Model for Air Quality were used to estimate exposure to particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5).The attributable death number was calculated based on the calculation of population attributable fraction (PAF),and the results were compared by gender,diseases and provinces.An average world population age structure was adopted to calculate age-standardized rates.Results In 2016,a total of 1 075 000 deaths attributed to ambient air pollution occurred in China,accounting for 11.1％ of the total deaths,and 57.6％ of the deaths attributed to ambient air pollution were due to ischemic heart disease and stroke.The death number among men was 1.7 times higher than that in women,Compared with 2006,the proportion of ambient air pollution related deaths in total deaths decreased by 6.8％;the agestandardized death rate attributed to ambient air pollution decreased by 26.5％ and the decrease rate of lower respiratory infections (37.6％) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (42.1％) were greater than ischemic heart disease (5.3％).The age-standardized rate of death attributed to ambient air pollution decreased both in men and in women,but the decrease rate was higher in women (34.8％) than that in men (20.4％).The PAFs varied among provinces,it was highest in Tianjin (13.9％),lowest in Tibet (6.1％),and it was relatively higher in Beijing,Hebei,Shandong,Henan and the three provinces in the northeast and relatively lower in Hong Kong,Macao,Fujian and Hainan etc..The agestandardized rate of death attributed to ambient air pollution was highest in Xinjiang (120.1/100 000) and lowest in Hong Kong (30.9/100 000),and it was relatively higher in Qinghai,Guizhou,Henan and relatively lower in Macao,Shanghai and Fujian,etc..Compared with 2006,the PAFs of 17 provinces decreased,the decrease rate ranged from 4.1％ to 16.8％,whereas the PAF of Jilin (5.0％) and Heilongjiang (8.1％) increased,and the PAFs of other 14 provinces showed no significant change.The attributable age-standardized death rate decreased in all provinces with the decrease rate ranging from 11.9％ (Heilongjiang) to 43.2％ (Fujian),and the decrease rate was relatively higher in Guangdong,Zhejiang and Guizhou,and lower in the three provinces in the northeast,Hubei and Hebei etc.Conclusions In 2016,the disease burden attributable to PM2.5 in China was heavy,but mitigated compared with 2006.The gender and area specific distributions of deaths attributed to ambient air pollution were observed.

Association between blood pressure related dietary patterns and identified cognitive performance in the elderly Chinese-a study by reduced rank regression method / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To study the association between blood pressure related dietary pattern and cognitive impairment in the elderly.Methods In 2015,all participants who were aged ≥60 and participated in the Nutrition and Chronic disease family cohort were involved in the study.Information on demographic variables,lifestyle and health status was collected.Cognitive performance was assessed by the Mini Mental State Evaluation (MMSE) scale.Blood pressure,height and weight were measured by trained medical personnel and fasting venous blood samples were collected for testing on serum level of triglycerides and total cholesterol.Both SBP and DBP were used as response variables when dietary patterns were identified by reduced rank regression method.Logistic regression models were fit to explore the associations of scores on blood pressure-related dietary pattern and cognitive impairment.Results Two blood related dietary patterns were identified.The first one was characterized by high consumption of vegetables and less meat,eggs and dessert (Pattern 1),while the second one was with high consumption of meat,soy products,wine and fried foods and less intake of dairy (Pattem 2).Data showed that the Pattern 1 was associated with the risk of cognitive impairment.Comparing with the lowest quartile of score of this dietary pattern,the risk of cognitive impairment in the highest quartile group showed a significant (P＜0.01) increase,with OR=1.94 (1.21-3.11) and showing significant (P=0.002) linear trend.However,no significant association was observed (P＞ 0.05) with cognitive impairment in the second dietary pattern.Conclusion Blood pressure-related dietary pattern was positively associated with cognitive impairment.

Prevalence, awareness, status of treatment and control on type 2 diabetes mellitus among Chinese premenopausal women aged 18-49 in 2013 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To analyze the rates on prevalence,awareness,status on treatment and control of type 2 diabetes mellitus among Chinese premenopausal women aged 18-49,in 2013.Methods Data on China Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease Surveillance in year 2013 was used for analysis.Source of data covered 302 surveillance points which were selected by Multi-stage cluster random sampling method that including 176 534 adults over 18 years of age,with 46 674 premenopausal women aged 18-49.Plasma glucose and hemoglobin A 1 c levels were determined after a 10-hour overnight fast for all the participants,before a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test was conducted among participants without a self-reported history of diagnosed diabetes.Diabetes was defined according to the 1999 WHO diagnostic criteria-fasting blood glucose level as ≥7.0 mmol/L and/or 2 hours oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT-2 h) level as ≥ 11.1 mmol/L.After being weighed,according to complex sampling scheme and post-stratification,the sample was used to estimate the rates of prevalence,awareness,treatment and control of type 2 diabetes mellitus by age,education,urban and rural areas,and geographic locations.Results The overall prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus was 5.6％ among the Chinese premenopausal women aged 18-49.No statistical difference on the prevalence rates (5.7％ and 5.4％,respectively) was seen,between participants from the rural or the urban areas.Prevalence rates in the eastern,central or western geographic areas were 5.8％,6.2％ and 4.4％ respectively.The rates of awareness,treatment and control of diabetes appeared as 29.3％,27.9％ and 29.4％ in childbearing women aged 18-49.The rate of treatment was 95.4％ among those who knew their diabetic situation in childbearing women aged 18-49 years.The control rate of diabetes was 38.9％ among those who had taken measures to control glucose,in 18-49-year-old childbearing women.The rate of awareness on diabetes in childbearing women aged 18-49 years in urban areas was higher than that in the rural areas.There were significantly statistical differences on the treatment rates among groups of different education levels but not in the trend test.Conclusion The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in childbearing women aged 18-49 appeared high,but with low rates on awareness,treatment and control.However,statistical difference was seen on awareness,between urban and rural areas.

Association Between Excessive Daytime Sleepiness and Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: A Population-based Study in China

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Several studies have demonstrated that sleep problems are associated with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs): irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), functional dyspepsia, etc, but the relationship between excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and FGIDs has not been systematically studied in the general population. This study aims to explore the relationship between EDS and specific types of FGIDs and the effect of the number of FGIDs on EDS. METHODS: A sample of 3600 individuals (aged 18–80 years) was selected from 5 regions in China using a randomized, stratified, multi-stage sampling method. EDS was measured by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, while gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and other FGIDs were assessed by Reflux Disease Questionnaire and the Rome II diagnostic criteria, respectively. RESULTS: The survey was completed by 2906 individuals (response rate: 80.72%), and 644 individuals (22.16%) had EDS. EDS was significantly associated with ulcer-like dyspepsia (OR, 2.50; 95% CI, 1.08–5.79), diarrhea-predominant IBS (OR, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.09–3.66), alternating IBS (OR, 2.32; 95% CI, 1.30–4.13), functional constipation (OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.20–2.35), and GERD (OR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.08–2.72). Risk of EDS increased along with the increasing numbers of FGIDs: with 1 FGID (OR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.37–2.15); with 2 FGIDs (OR, 2.43; 95% CI, 1.63–3.62); and with 3 or more FGIDs (OR, 3.26; 95% CI, 1.37–7.78). CONCLUSIONS: FGIDs, such as ulcer-like dyspepsia, diarrhea-predominant IBS, alternating IBS, functional constipation, and GERD, were significantly associated with EDS. Those who suffered from more kinds of FGIDs were more susceptible to EDS.

Rate of prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension among women at reproductive age in China in 2013 / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective@#To analyze the rate of prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension among women at reproductive age (18-49 years old) in China in 2013.@*Methods@#The analysis used data obtained from the China Chronic and non-communicable disease surveillance in 2013.The surveillance included 176 534 adults aging ≥18 years old, who were selected from 302 surveillance points by multi-stage cluster random sampling method. A total of 46 674 women at reproductive age (18-49 years old) were investigated. Blood pressures were measured by electronic blood pressure monitor. After being weighted according to complex sampling scheme and post-stratification, the rate of prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension were compared by different characteristics such as age, education, urban and rural areas, and geographic locations.@*Results@#The prevalence of hypertension among women at reproductive age (18-49 years old) in China in 2013 was 13.5%. The rate in the rural areas was higher than that in urban areas (χ2=46.23, P<0.05), which were 14.5% and 12.3%, respectively. The prevalence in eastern, central and western geographic locations were separately 13.9%, 13.2% and 13.1%, there was no statistical difference (χ2=0.56, P>0.05). The hypertension prevalence in all age groups (18-24, 25-29, 30-34, 35-39, 40-44, 45-49 years old) were 6.6%, 9.2%, 9.6%, 12.0%, 17.9% and 28.3%, respectively. The prevalence of hypertension showed a rising trend with age increasing (t=12.32, P<0.05). The awareness, treatment and control rates of hypertension were separately 25.8%, 22.7% and 7.4% in women at reproductive age (18-49 years old), which were 31.6%, 28.2% and 9.4%, respectively in urban areas; and 21.3%, 18.5% and 5.9%, respectively in rural areas. The rates in urban areas were all higher than those in rural areas (chi square were separately 18.98, 21.31, and 6.80, P values <0.05). The treatment rate of hypertension was 86.8% among who had been aware of hypertension, and the treatment rate of hypertension was 31.8% among who received control of hypertension. The treatment rate among who had been aware of hypertension in eastern, central and western locations were 89.3%, 88.3% and 79.5%, respectively. The control rates in eastern, central and western locations were 8.5%, 8.1% and 4.7%, respectively. The treatment rate among who had been aware of hypertension and control rate in the eastern and central geographic locations was higher than that in western locations (chi square were separately 10.05 and 7.25, P values <0.05).@*Conclusion@#The prevalence of hypertension in women at reproductive age (18-49 years old) was comparatively high, and the rates of awareness, treatment and control were low. The differences showed statistical significance between urban and rural areas.